[SFDXA] How did the word "lid" come to mean "poor operator

[Bill]

/The question came up as it does often about the term "lid" and where it 
came from. I sent out one set of ideas once before and I did some more 
digging. The usual reference to the can of Prince Albert is found and 
then I found this interesting blog of thoughts. So interpret it in 
whatever way you like. Thanks to Elliot KB2TZ for getting this ball 
rolling...I think. And Kai  for asking the origin.

Below is the blog of ideas and another I found also. I included a couple 
of other interpretations on various sites at the bottom. You can Google 
the term and read a bunch. I liked these two best...so fa.
-Bill W2CQ/


  How did the word "lid" come to mean "poor operator" (in the context of
  telegraphy and amateur radio)?
  <https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/how-did-the-word-lid-come-to-mean-poor-operator-in-the-context-of-telegraph>

<https://english.stackexchange.com/posts/31818/timeline>

This sense of /lid/ is still common today in Amateur ("Ham") Radio (in 
the United States, at least), usually as "they're a lid", meaning 
"they're being a rude or unobservant person." It doesn't refer to new 
operators, usually, as much as someone who is willfully ignoring 
convention.

I can't really see how this originates from any meaning of lid 
<http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=lid>; the most plausible 
origin to me seems the phrase "put a lid on", because as an operator, a 
lid "silences" others or "puts a crimp" in their operating.

Boys' Life, Feb 1932 
<http://books.google.com/books?id=TDptztkqeq0C&lpg=PA54&dq=lid%20radio%20ham&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q=lid%20radio%20ham&f=false> 
is one of the earliest mentions I can find of a /lid/ in radio:

    "...taking care not to play the lid—"
    "Lid?" questioned Soc.
    "A *lid* is a radio operator who is either fresh from school or
    hasn't taken the trouble to learn to use his head and his fist at
    the same time."

Popular Science, Feb 1933 
<http://books.google.com/books?id=pigDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA28&dq=lid%20radio%20ham&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q=lid%20telegraph&f=false> 
also shows /lid/ used around the same time for the telegraph:

    He uses a bug, but it runs away with him. As a sender he's a *lid*.
    He can't read ahead and has combinations.

This discussion about "lid" in amateur radio 
<http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showthread.php?t=324119> references 
some of the popular origin theories, such as the idea that

    operators would put the lid of a tobacco can on the mechanical
    sounder to make it easier to hear

and also references a 1919 letter published in QST, from W. L. Matteson. 
Multiplex Plant Dept. W. U. Tel. Co., 
<http://earlyradiohistory.us/1919why.htm> that suggests /lid/ came into 
the amateur radio vocabulary from telegraphy.

So, then, it makes sense for the meaning to carry over from telegraph to 
ham radio. But how on earth does a "lid" come to refer to a person in 
the first place?


asked Jun 27, 2011 at 22:58

  *
    It occurred to me that early use of "lid" isn't really about
    personal character - it seems to be saying someone is a newbie or
    has bad operating technique. The way I hear it used today is more
    about being a jerk (for example, a fellow ham remarks, "What a lid!"
    in regard to a guy who complains it's difficult to copy one of our
    female operators' voices compared to a male one). This mention from
    early 1900s <http://www.mindspring.com/~tjepsen/IMAGES.htm#N_14_>,
    though it seems to paint all hams with the same brush, does seem to
    show a bit of that "unsophisticated/ignorant jerk"
    connotation.<https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/how-did-the-word-lid-come-to-mean-poor-operator-in-the-context-of-telegraph#comment57426_31818>


<https://english.stackexchange.com/posts/110494/timeline>


    1912 antedating

I couldn't find an origin but did find a slight antedating of the 1919 
letter <http://earlyradiohistory.us/1919why.htm>.

/The Railroad Telegrapher 
<http://books.google.com/books?id=L44tAQAAMAAJ&q=%22To%20be%20transformed%20into%20a%20lid%22&dq=%22To%20be%20transformed%20into%20a%20lid%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nqNdUayMLOvW4ATlqYCQBA&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA>/ 
in 1912 printed a humorous poem/prayer. Here's an extract:

    And if some "Ham" who sounds insane,
    Should move me to say things profane
    O stay my hand upon the key
    And may I not get "H" for "P."

    May I refrain to ope my door
    And kick through it some tedious bore.
    Who brings to me his half-wit kid
    To be transformed into a *lid*.

A slight variation appears in /Telephony 
<http://books.google.com/books?id=kiNOAQAAIAAJ&q=%22To%20be%20transformed%20into%20a%20lid%22&dq=%22To%20be%20transformed%20into%20a%20lid%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nqNdUayMLOvW4ATlqYCQBA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ>/ 
of 1913, which gives us the full text and quotes around jargon terms, 
and a source:

    *Help ! Help !*

    Poetry will out, sometimes in the most unexpected places and
    occasionally from unusual sources, says the Los Angeles (Cal.)
    Times. One of the latest devotees of the muse and one who has been
    creating considerable comment around the Alexandria is little Miss
    Vivian Ewing, Postal Telegraph operator in the hotel. After months
    of viccisitudes and troubles caused principally by the patrons of
    the little station in the marble corridor, Miss Ewing evolved the
    following prayer to assist her through her hours of toil:

        Help me this day, O, Lord, to be
        Kind and gentle with my key.
        Help me earn my wage this day
        And tempt me not to ask more pay;
        And if some man who sounds insane
        Should move me to hot things profane,
        O stay my hand upon the key
        And may I not make "H" for "P".

        May I refrain to open my door
        And kick through it a weary bore
        Who brings to me his darling “kid”
        To be transformed into a *“lid”*.
        And may I gently treat the cranks
        Who, after spoiling twenty blanks,
        Fold up a lot of callow slush
        And sternly bid me, “send it rush".

        And when the clock points five to eight,
        O, help me then to calmly wait
        While some proud dad leans on the booth
        And wires baby has a tooth.
        In short, pray make me what I ain't,
        An understudy of a saint,
        That I may hold this job of mine
        Till time gives me the "30" sign.

    C. A. Shock, of Sherman, Texas, sent this to TELEPHONY with the
    suggestion that variations might be rung on it to make it apply to
    the telephone operator. So, “potes," sharpen pencils and have at it!

These are from snippets, so the years could be wrong, but it appears to 
have been reprinted in other magazines published between 1912-1914.

------------------------------------------------------------------------


    Lid operator

A /lid operator/, or /lid/, was originally a novice operator, rather 
than any poor operator.

Some quotations:

/Telegraph Workers Journal 
<http://books.google.com/books?id=0PZZAAAAYAAJ>/, 1924:

    Did you see Joe McKenua's *lid*? Some plush. Bill Hartley is still ...

/QST/ <http://books.google.com/books?id=N9A_AQAAIAAJ>, 1925:

    The *"lid" operator* can be told very quickly when he makes a
    mistake. He does not use a definite "error" signal but usually
    betrays himself by sending a string of dots. The good operator sends
    "I ?" after his mistakes and starts sending again with ...

/QST/ <http://books.google.com/books?id=j4okAQAAIAAJ>, 1927:

    When you have traffic and want to get it off, DO NOT give it to a
    *"lid" operator*. If you do, the chances are that It will die right
    there. Many times I have become QSO with several stations in one
    direction, with the intention of QSRlng, only to find ...

/QST <http://books.google.com/books?id=A3IkAQAAIAAJ>/, 1928:

    We plead guilty to "getting quite a kick out of" operating our radio
    phone sets. The idea seems to prevail that no one except a *"ham", a
    "lid" or a rank beginner* even fools with phone. Unfortunately this
    is true to some extent but there are old ...

And:

    ... I flatter myself that I have become more than just a *lid
    operator*. I hold a commercial license, am an ORS and have made a
    fair showing in traffic, and to you, OM, I owe a great part of my
    success. You were my first schedule and I have tried to ...

And:

    ... gave several humorous anecdotes of his first trip as a *"lid"
    commercial operator* on the Great Lakes.

/Telegraph Workers Journal/ 
<http://books.google.com/books?id=IfdZAAAAYAAJ>, 1930:

    Can it be a New Year's resolution, and that he is starting at the
    bottom like an *inexperienced "lid"*? Two nasty accidents occurred
    in "Mu" since the advent of the New Year. Andy and Archie fell off
    the booze-wagon. Nothing serious happened ...

However, /Popular Science 
<http://books.google.com/books?id=pigDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA28&dq=lid%20radio%20ham&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q=lid%20telegraph&f=false>/ 
(1933) quoted in the question is all about trade jargon, and includes an 
English translation of "Telegrapher's Lingo". The full description is of 
a novice, but specifically translates /lid/ as poor, showing the meaning 
is changing:

    He uses a bug, but it runs away with him. As a sender he's a *lid*.

...

    Translated, this queer language means:

    He uses a semi-automatic key, but keeps it adjusted at a speed
    greater than that at which he can manipulate it properly. As a
    sender of messages he is *poor*.

It goes on to praise him for being able to receive at the fastest speeds 
and for never interrupting. (It also explains what "30" means, as 
mentioned in the 1919 poem.)

------------------------------------------------------------------------


    Sitting on the lid

This may be unrelated, but I'll include it on the off chance. /The 
Railroad Telegrapher/ included reports of union members' work situation 
("In 1920 
<http://thelibrary.org/lochist/periodicals/ozarkswatch/ow702h.htm>, 
there were 78,134 telegraphers on all railroads represented by The Order 
of Railroad Telegraphers. Membership in the union had peaked."). Some of 
these would include the phrase "is sitting on the lid". Here are some 
examples.

 From the preceding 1913 /Telephony/:

    I. S. Johnson and Leo Smiddy are working extra there, while Bro. Bob
    Fountaine *sits on the lid*.

/The Railroad Telegrapher/ 
<http://books.google.com/books?ei=GIZdUaWNGsHx4QSRsYDgCw&id=576jAAAAMAAJ&dq=telegrapher%20lid&q=%22on%20the%20lid%22#search_anchor> 
in 1911:

    Bros. Packard, Wilson and Nickel *sat on the lid* while Bro. Hook
    attended the TOI'0.'ll0 [?] convention and took a trip through the
    East. He was relieved by Bro. _l. L. Druley, from the \'abash [?].

And here:

    ... rear brakeman on the division correspondent's motorcycle for
    several miles. I introduced him to the high and low crossings at a
    speed of 30 miles per, when we stopped he had both legs wrapped
    around the gas tank, and was *settin' on his lid*.

And here:

    Mr. John Dalzell, Chairman of the Rules Committee, *sat stubbornly
    "on the lid"* and refused to budge. He believes that free trade in
    labor is the safest bulwark of tariff protection for employers.

/The Railroad Telegrapher 
<http://www.archive.org/stream/railroadtelegra01usgoog/railroadtelegra01usgoog_djvu.txt>/, 
1914 (date verified):

    Two operators taken off at Merino, making it a one-man station, with
    Bro. Johnson *on the lid*. Bro. Doherty to second Brighton, bumping
    Bro. Baker to second Carr, vice Bro. Seeley bumping Bro. Rotenbaum;
    Dent nights to the extra list.

I'm not entirely clear what this /sitting on the lid/ refers to, but for 
the work reports, I get the impression it's similar to /sitting on the 
bench/, being held as reserve.

One of these is not a work report but a political report: "Mr. John 
Dalzell, Chairman of the Rules Committee, *sat stubbornly "on the lid"* 
and refused to budge." This has a political meaning, according to /A 
Desk-Book of Errors in English/ (1906, 1920) by Frank Horace Vizetelly:

    *lid:* A slang term for cover, hat, etc., used especially in the
    phrases *keeping the lid down, sitting on the lid,* political
    colloquialisms for closing up places of business, as pool-rooms,
    saloons, etc., or keeping a political situation in control.

This fits for the stubborn chairman of the rules committee, and 
speculating, perhaps this "keeping control" sense was applied to reserve 
workers patiently waiting their turn. Or perhaps the union work reports 
are telling us those workers were taking care of union business and 
keeping their local situation in control.

In any case, the political phrase "sitting on the lid" originated or was 
at least popularised by President Theodore Roosevelt when describing 
Secretary of War, William Howard Taft <http://www.williamhtaft.org/>:

    Taft as Secretary of War became the administration's "trouble
    shooter" at home and abroad. During the years between 1904 and 1908
    Taft had direct charge of the construction of the Panama Canal.
    Roosevelt considered Taft one of his most valuable assets, so able
    was Taft that Roosevelt felt free to leave the capital whenever he
    wished, because he had *"left Taft sitting on the lid."* As
    Roosevelt's personal emissary Taft was sent on many diplomatic
    assignments.

/The New York Times/ 
<http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D17FD3F5E12738DDDAD0894DC405B858CF1D3>, 
April 1905:

    It was suggested to the president that things would go along in a
    smooth manner, even if he was absent.

    Oh, things will be all right," he said. "I have left *Taft sitting
    on the lid* keeping down the Santo Domingo matter."

Roosevelt commented in a May 1905 letter 
<http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nsT6XPe_kP0C&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=roosevelt%20taft%20%22sitting%20on%20the%20lid%22&source=bl&ots=rrFsdnWo19&sig=ZKHS8ZxiLCE0uqKz0rCtTkVJiSk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nYZeUbDnOM7otQaE7IDIDQ&ved=0CJoBEOgBMBE#v=onepage&q=roosevelt%20taft%20%22sitting%20on%20the%20lid%22&f=false> 
to his son:

    Yes, I have been much amused with the cartoons about my remarking
    that I had *"left Taft sitting on the lid"*. Some of the cartoons
    about the bear and wolf hunting have been really funny.

A /The Evening News/ 
<http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1982&dat=19220621&id=JRdLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IiENAAAAIBAJ&pg=1066,8718395> 
of 1922 commented:

    This phrase went around the country at the time, and the fact that
    Mr. Taft's physical weight was such that we all had a feeling that
    if he were *sitting on the lid*, the lid must be geld down pretty
    firmly, undoubtedly had much to do with the success of the great
    phrase-maker's remark at that time.

More speculation: "sitting on the lid" was a metaphor for "sitting on a 
hat" meaning "keeping control" and the meaning passed to "sitting as a 
reserve on the bench". Operators sitting in reserve are often novice 
operators, or "lid operators". A lid operator was then originally a 
novice worker, and as novice workers would make more mistakes, the 
meaning then changed to refer to any poor operator.


  *
    Thank you so much for all the research! It didn't even occur to me
    that QST might be in Google Books. It's fascinating to see the
    evidence that "lid" meant "newbie operator" almost a hundred years ago.

<https://english.stackexchange.com/posts/31821/timeline>

The truth is that nobody knows. It /is/ an inherited title from the 
land-line (wired) Morse telegraphy days; that much is certain. But why 
"lid"?

I find the tobacco lid explanation unconvincing. The need to bring the 
annunciator's click frequency down using a mechanical resonator may 
indicate aged or damaged hearing, but it doesn't even /imply/ 
incompetence on the operator's part.

The most convincing explanation <http://www.ac6v.com/hamlid.htm> I've 
heard is that a sender with poor rhythm sending "dd" (a common double 
letter, and the commonest with possible ambiguity) would send something 
that sounded like /dah...dit-dit...dah-dit-dit/ ("l-i-d") rather than 
/dah-dit-dit...dah-dit-dit/ ("d-d"). But that's just conjecture with a 
bit of history behind it, just like the Prince Albert tobacco theory.


  *
    It does seem plausible that lid could be mistaken for dd and
    vice-versa in American Morse
    <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Morse_code>: L in this
    alphabet is a double length 'daaah' that doesn't exist in the
    International Morse used today. Now at least I don't have to worry
    whether you said daaah dit dit or dah dit dit :)

Many answers, and probably most of them right, in context of their times 
and origins / applications. Just as a throw-in, there was a phrase, 
"sitting on the lid of the chanty", which referred to doing something as 
much use as perching on the cover of the lavatory.

Another one might be relating to 'lid' as a cover, in that a 'lid' 
operator is assuming the cover and appearance / behaviour of a competent 
keyer, but his/her operating deficiencies soon betray him/her, and I'm 
sure we've all known bluffers like that.

It could boil down to a particular case. It could be one operator was 
known as a jerk, and also well known for using the tobacco lid trick. 
The person known as "lid" could have become an archetype for idiocy, 
just like Einstein is an archetype for genius. Again, this is conjecture 
without some record of such a person.

https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/how-did-the-word-lid-come-to-mean-poor-operator-in-the-context-of-telegraph

/*AND FROM:*/*
*

*HAM RADIO HISTORY*


  http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/

Posted on 2005z - 24 February 2013 <http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/>

QST, Nov. 1919, cover.Finally, nearly one year after the armistice, a 
breakthrough: A single, tacked-on page, after the end cover of October 
QST, a hastily added special announcement proclaimed:  “BAN OFF! THE JOB 
IS DONE AND THE A.R.R.L. DID IT. See next QST for details”

The HR Hick cover drawing for the November issue depicted a joyous ham 
bursting from the top of a can, popping off the lid (which, just to make 
sure the metaphor was understood, is labeled “the lid”)—he clutches a 
copy of /QST/ in one hand, a certificate in the other. The can’s label 
reads “LIBERTY NUMBER” in big letters.

The issue opened with Maxim writing on the importance of organization, 
citing both the establishment of the League and radio clubs^1 
<http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fn-1499-1> as prime examples. Only by 
having a national organization were hams able to influence the 
government on the one hand by preventing legislation that threatened 
amateur radio’s existence, and assist it on the other by providing 
wartime operators on very short notice. “It was a noble effort for all 
concerned, and lifted amateur radio from the realm of toyland to the 
dignity of a valuable National asset.” Aside from self preservation, 
another benefit of organization was to enable doing momentous things, 
such as the transcontinental relay work, impressive to outsiders. “Up to 
the time that we amateurs began relay work, the limit which one could 
transmit intelligence without paying tribute either to the Government or 
the Western Union or the Postal Telegraph Company, was the distance 
one’s voice would carry.”

QST, Nov. 1919, p. 5 (top).

William S. Greene

Amateurs also had received help from friends in Congress. William 
Steadman Greene, the 78-year-old Chairman of the House Committee on The 
Merchant Marine and Fisheries, representative from Massachusetts, and 
“loyal protector of amateur rights,” was credited with the successful 
reopening.^2 <http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fn-1499-2> Greene had been 
the one who introduced the resolution, on the League’s behalf, asking 
the Navy to supply a reason for the continuing ban. Receiving no reply, 
he had then introduced Joint Resolution 217 directing the secretary of 
the Navy to remove the restrictions.

The League headquarters staff had to scramble to add the “ban off” 
insert to the previous issue when the news arrived just at press time.^3 
<http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fn-1499-3> It would now take some hard 
work to get everything and everyone up and running again. “The days of 
real sport are at last with us,” noted ARRL secretary Kenneth Warner, 
directing readers to “Come on, fellows, and get into the air again.” An 
incredible array of new gear developed and manufactured during the war 
was becoming available, and that meant increased advertising revenue for 
/QST—/its life blood. The editor predicted a day when /QST/ could be 132 
pages long—twice the size of this issue. It would actually take until 
September of the following year for the magazine to again reach 100 
pages, a size previously seen in April 1917, nearly three and a half 
years earlier.

Getting back on the air meant everyone had to be relicensed. Though some 
still had unexpired commercial licenses which the government would count 
as operator licenses, all amateur operator and station licenses had 
expired.^4 <http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fn-1499-4> As before the war, a 
Second Class license would be granted without examination to applicants 
located more than 50 miles from a district office. One could take a test 
given by the district inspector by appointment, and receive a First 
Class amateur license on successfully passing it. The new test format 
was a bit different, requiring longer answers from the applicant to 
demonstrate depth of understanding. The government published a document 
called “Radio Communication Laws of the United States,” containing the 
regulations one must know for the test.

On receiving an operator license you could next apply for a station 
license using a form to describe various aspects of your station. That 
information, and how well you had complied with the law in building it, 
determined whether or not the license would be granted. Radio Inspectors 
were authorized to disclose the call sign that an applicant would be 
issued once a station license was granted. The licensee would then be 
permitted to begin operation without waiting for the actual license to 
arrive in the mail. Hams were encouraged to send their new call signs to 
ARRL as they were issued so that they could be published and help 
everyone to once again recognize one another on the air.

The first directory of calls appeared in December, listing only new 
first district stations, apparently the only district reporting new 
licenses to that point. The list included the Harvard Wireless Club, 
1AF, M.I.T., 1AN, Maxim, 1AW and Tuska, 1AY. Some stations in other 
districts had been given permission to use their old calls, possibly 
because they held unexpired commercial licenses. Some of these stations 
were prominent pre-war relayers, organizations, and operating department 
officers, including Mrs. Candler, 8NH, F. H. Schnell, 9AH, R. H. G. 
Mathews, 9ZN, J. O. Smith, 2ZL and Charles Service, 3QZ.

On the air, things were still very quiet even though the winter, the 
prime radio season, approached. The Atlantic Division manager reported 
hearing mostly silence on the first night of reopening, and only a few 
locals. Activity returned gradually as everyone worked to connect 
equipment and erect antennas. Licensed or not, amateurs had refrained 
from reassembling their stations before the reopening, perhaps due to 
uncertainty about when it would occur given the long delay, or perhaps 
because they stuck to the letter of the law that prohibited even 
assembling a station during the shutdown.

“In Memoriam” for December listed 11 more amateurs, some killed while 
serving in the military.

BT sep sm

WCC on Cape Cod had a long history in a medium with a short one. Wired 
telegraph services such as the transatlantic cable were Marconi’s 
natural initial competition. In 1914 he established a station at 
Chatham, Mass., to replace his earlier one in Wellfleet. That one had 
made history in 1903 by relaying a message from President Theodore 
Roosevelt to the King of England directly via wireless using its 35-kW 
spark transmitter feeding a 200-wire conical antenna supported by four, 
210-foot towers.^5 <http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fn-1499-5> 
WCC—originally simply “CC” for Cape Cod—became one of the most prominent 
wireless stations in the United States, and Irving Vermilya had been a 
station manager there since early 1916. Answering the Navy’s call for 
radio operators, he enlisted in 1917, served during the war, and then 
returned home to Massachusetts and WCC.

Feb. 1920 QST page 25

Irving Vermilya in 1920

He was back on the air and in print again in December 1919, publishing 
another /QST/ humor article, “S.O.L.” (meaning “shit outta luck,” though 
not labeled as such in the article), telling of his early days in the 
Navy.^6 <http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fn-1499-6> By this time he had 
become well enough known among hams to be often identified by his last 
name alone. Everyone else in /QST/ was referred to as Mr. so-and-so, or 
by their complete name—but “Amateur Number One” was just Vermilya. 
Everyone finally got a look at him in the February 1920 issue’s 
installment of /Who’s Who in Wireless,/^7 
<http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fn-1499-7> identified as a shift engineer 
at the Marconi station. The article paraphrased him as admitting that 
“he’d rather fuss with wireless than eat, and his record shows it.”

In October, pictures of his station appeared too—he was now 1HAA, “a 
good call for a funny man”—in Marion, Massachusetts.^8 
<http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fn-1499-8> His antenna was a fan array of 
vertical wires, narrow spaced at the base and wide at the top, connected 
to a horizontal wire suspended between wooden supports, very similar to 
Maxim’s antenna and considered a leading-edge design. Two interior 
pictures depict a neatly arranged, high-power spark station. Another 
change in call sign came in July 1921, when he received a special 
station license and /QST/ announced that “1HAA is no more. Vermilya is 
now 1ZE, using 200, 250, and 375 meters.”

He continued to work for United Wireless after its acquisition by 
Marconi, working as manager of WCC until he left the Radio Corporation 
in 1922 to become manager of the radio department at Slocum & Kilburn, a 
parts and equipment company.

Vermilya would continue to play a role in two camps—as professional and 
amateur.

AR sep sm

de W2PA

 1. Hiram Percy Maxim, “The Importance of Our ARRL,” /QST/, November
    1919, 3. ↩ <http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fnref-1499-1>
 2. “The Champion of the Amateurs,” /QST/, November 1919, 5. ↩
    <http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fnref-1499-2>
 3. “At Last!,” Editorial, /QST/, November 1919, 13. ↩
    <http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fnref-1499-3>
 4. “Getting Your Licenses,“ <http://p1k.arrl.org/pubs_archive/2566>
    /QST/, November 1919, 12. ↩ <http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fnref-1499-4>
 5. “In Search of Guglielmo,” ARRL Web, 17 Mar 2005 ↩
    <http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fnref-1499-5>
 6. Although it was billed as the first of a two-part article, the
    second part never appeared. ↩
    <http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fnref-1499-6>
 7. Who’s Who in Amateur Wireless/,/ /QST/, February 1920, 25. ↩
    <http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fnref-1499-7>
 8. Amateur Radio Stations, /QST/, October, 1920, 35. ↩
    <http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/#fnref-1499-8>

http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/

MORE:

https://boards.straightdope.com/t/origin-of-the-use-of-the-term-lid-in-amateur-radio/311139

https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/how-did-the-word-lid-come-to-mean-poor-operator-in-the-context-of-telegraph

https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/31818/how-did-the-word-lid-come-to-mean-poor-operator-in-the-context-of-telegraph


  http://w2pa.net/HRH/liberty/

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