[Lowfer] oily stuff

[Laurence KL1X]

Bill - found this..


Electrostatic discharge has long been known as a hazard associated with the 
handling of petroleum products. A monograph by Klinkenberg and van der Minne 
in 1958 [1] led to the development of anti-static additives by Royal 
Dutch/Shell. J.T. Leonard [2] has described many papers and publications 
from the 1960s and 1970s addressing both the hazard and related safety 
measures; they deal primarily with static generation during fuel loading.

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) states, in NFPA 77 "Static 
Electricity", that "Static electrification and the various effects that 
result from the positive and negative charges so formed may constitute a 
fire or explosive hazard. The generation of static electricity cannot be 
prevented absolutely, because its intrinsic origins are present at every 
interface" [3].

Static electricity is generated when liquids move in contact with other 
materials. This is a common occurrence when liquid is being moved through 
pipes, mixed, poured, pumped, filtered, or otherwise agitated. Other 
causative processes include the settling of solids or immiscible liquid 
through a liquid, the ejection of particles or droplets through a nozzle, 
and the splashing of a liquid against a solid surface. NFPA 77 states that 
"under certain conditions, particularly with liquid hydrocarbons, static may 
accumulate in the liquid", with the danger of subsequent sparking in a 
flammable vapor-air mixture.

The problem is broad-based, including the marine shipping industry (about 
2000 tankers and upward of 4000 tank barges) and shore-based industries 
involved in vessel maintenance and repair. The latter includes 10,000 vacuum 
trucks in the United States which are commonly used for oil removal and 
hazardous waste transport. [4] The solution for government and industry is 
to communicate the various means of counteracting these phenomena to all 
concerned, including fleet and terminal operators, tankermen, and shipyards 
and other tank cleaning concerns.

Tilletson carbs - your showing your age - I think we went upper class to 
"Mckunis" in the late 70's!!

Laurence Kl1X

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