In surfing the web I came across this manual/design thesis for the 480. Don't know if there are others for the rest of the line, but it sure makes for interesting reading! http://www.kenwood.com/i/products/info/amateur/ts_480/pdf/TS-480_manual_E.pdf -- god bless Lee NY6P http://www.Hello-Radio.Com http://home.xandros.com/products/home/home_edition.html (nosey!)