[Ham-News] Amateur Radio Newsline Report 1580 - November 23, 2007
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Sat Nov 24 12:11:26 EST 2007
Amateur Radio Newsline Report 1580 - November 23, 2007
The following is a Q-S-T. Ham radio gains a new Low Frequency
allocation at W-R-C 2007, German repeaters begin to disappear, New
Mexico hams are called out to assist in fire evacuations and Dayton
says its timer to nominate. Find out the details on Amateur Radio
Newsline report number 1580 coming your way right now.
**
RADIO LAW: WRC-07 ENDS - HAMS GAIN NEW LF BAND
Some good news and one big loss for ham radio at the now concluded
World Radiocommunications Conference in Geneva, Switzerland. Jeramy
Boot, G4NJH, of the GB2RS News Service has the details:
--
The big news for amateur radio is that a worldwide secondary allocation
of 135.7-137.8kHz has been approved. This marks the first time since
allocations to radio services began that the amateur service has had an
allocation below the medium wave broadcasting band. The effective date
is not yet set and in any case amateurs must wait until their own
administrations authorize the new allocation before they can use it.
Some administrations, while not wishing to block the international
allocation, have indicated a reluctance to implement it in their
countries because of various interference concerns. The band is already
available in the UK and several other European countries and this paves
the way for many more countries to become active on Low Frequency.
At the time of writing, hopes of a possible amateur secondary
allocation near 5MHz had faded. This,as a result of the failure to
find a compromise on the main 4 to 10MHz issue.
I'M Jeramy Boot, G4NJH, and you are listening to the Amateur Radio
Newsline.
--
Future World Radiocommunications Conferences are tentatively scheduled
for 2011 and 2015. One tentative agenda item for 2011 is a secondary
allocation of about 15 kHz around 500kHz. Not on the schedule is any
more talk about a new 5 MHz ham radio band. (GB2RS)
**
RESTRUCTURING: IRELAND GRANTS 5 MHZ AND 70 MHZ ALLOCATIONS
Irish amateurs expect to be granted a general allocation at 70MHz in
the very neatr future. At the same time they will also have an
experimental allocation at 5MHz.
The Irish 5 MHz band will likely be comprises four 3 kHz wide channels
centred on 5.280, 5.290, 5.400 and 5.405 MHz. T hese will be available
for a one year initial trial period and individual applications to use
the band will be required. The maximum power allowed will be 200 watts
to an antenna with not more than 0dBd gain, such as a dipole.
Some or all of these frequencies are also in use in the U-K, Iceland,
Finland, Norway, Canada and the USA. It is anticipated that the
permits could be issued at the end of November or early December.
Also, permission for a new 5 MHz beacon in Ireland has already been
granted., Only a call sign and frequency are being awaited before it
takes to the air. (IRTS)
**
WORLDBEAT - GERMANY: REPEATERS DISAPPEARING AT AN ALARMING RATE
Amateur Radio repeaters in Germany are disappearing, but not because
there is nobody to use them. Bill Pasternak, WA6ITF, has the details:
--
German hams are the unintended victim of denationalization of that
nations tower site business and the new owners don't seem to really
want hams paying little to nothing to use their facilities.
It all began a few years ago. That's when German telecommunications
regulators decided that the country should get out of owning and
maintaining what amounts to commercial towers. It sold them off to the
private sector to a company known as DFMG Deutsche Funkturm. They are
a Germany based international radio site property management group.
And about a year ago DFMG notified the German ham radio community that
it was putting several restrictions on their use of the company's
facilities. This included limiting ham radio installations at any
given site to a maximum of four antennas with up to a 1 meter squared
wind strength and use of no more than 100 watts of combined electric
mains power.
Amateur Television Quarterly Magazine says that the hardest hit so far
by these restrictions are the sponsors of systems that are very power
demanding like fast scan A-T-V and a number of digital modes. Also hit
are the national FM linked systems which require multiple radios and
antennas at any given site. Much of this is already gone with A-T-V
and packet hardest hit and linking by radio quickly becoming a legacy
of the past. A number of F-M systems have also had to go off the air
or reduce coverage and it might not be over yet.
For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Bill Pasternak, WA6ITF, at the
studio in Los Angeles.
--
One source tells Newsline of a rumored sale of of Germany's commercial
towers to an unnamed French company. If that happens, there's a chance
that hams could loose all access to these important radio sites.
Note: An English transcript from a German language article titled
"Chronicles of Decline" by Klaus Kramer, DL4KCK, appears in the fall
2007 issue of Amateur Television Quarterly magazine. While not
coloquailized English, it does give detail on who has already gone off
the air, who is still on and what is being done to keep repeater in
that nation on-the-air. At least at the time that article was written.
(ARNewsline, ATVQ, others)
**
RESCUE RADIO: CANADIAN CLUB OFFERS TO HAVE CITYS RADIO SYSTEM CO SITE
WITH IT
Canada's Crowsnest Pass Amateur Radio Society and the municipality of
Crowsnest Pass are looking to enter into a mutually beneficial radio
site partnership. One that would improve emergency communications in
the area.
Media reports say that the Amateur Radio club is seeking to transfer
lease of their repeater site on Ironstone Mountain to the municipality.
This, in order to allow a new city-owned emergency radio system to be
located there.
The Amateur Radio Society operates the VE6CNP VHF repeater from a site
on Ironstone Mountain leased to them by Sustainable Resource
Development. In the deal currently being brokered by the municipality,
the lease for the site would be transferred to the city. In return the
radio club would continue operating its repeater at the location.
Currently, the municipality owned, two-way radio system is located at
the Frank Slide Interpretive Center. According to club member Richard
Reeves this is a location that isn't fulfilling the needs of the
community and putting the people of the Pass at risk. By comparison,
the VE6CNP repeater has portable radio coverage throughout the entire
area. By co-siteing the city's radio system on Ironstone Mountain, the
coverage would be the same.
The Municipality of Crowsnest Pass located in the South West corner in
the Canadian Province of Alberta not far from the British Columbia
border. (CP Promoter)
**
RESCUE RADIO: ARES CALLED OUT TO ASSIST NM FIRE EVACUATION
Hams involved in New Mexico' Amateur Radio Emergency Service have been
called out to assist authorities with evacuation communications. This
as they fight a wildfire in the Manzano mountain range.
As this newscast is being prepared, the fire has required the
evacuation of 50 to 100 people from the affected area. The Red Cross
has set up an evacuation center at Mountainair High School. Torrance
County requested that ARES set up portable stations at the school and
at the Torrance County Dispatch Center. This, to provide a real time
link between the two locations.
That's all that we have at the moment. More on this story next week.
(WA5WHN, K5MJE)
**
RESCUE RADIO: HF EM COMM GATEWAY PERMIT EXTENDED THROUGH 2008
U-K telecommunications regulator OfCom has extended the Special
Research Permit for Steve Richards, G4HPE. This, to operate a high
frequency emergency communications experimental Gateway until December
2008.
The frequency-agile Gateway is the first of its kind to be licensed
inthe UK,. It bridges conventional Amateur Radio traffic on the HF
bands with VoIP Internet-based networks such as Echolink.
The prime reason for the creation of this Gateway is to explore how it
could assist in emergency communications. Several small-scale tests
have been held to explore particular attributes of the system and two
major emergency communications exercises have been staged involving
radio amateurs from all over the world.
Details of experimental activities, and conclusions reached so far, can
be found on the web at http://mysite.orange.co.uk/hfgateway (GB2RS)
**
RESCUE RADIO: TSUNAMI VICTUMS GET NEW RADIOS
Japan's electronics industry has donated new High Frequency radios to
the Solomon Islands tsunami victims. Media Network reports that a total
of 200 portable radios have been sent to villages in the Western and
Choiseul provinces of the Solomon Islands.
Japan donated the radios after learning of the disastrous earthquake
and tsunami that hit the Western parts of the country on April 2nd. The
radios can be used for 60 minutes using an AM frequency, 40 minutes
using an FM frequency, and 15 minutes of light without a dry battery by
just one minute of rotating the handle of the built-in power generator.
Media Network says that the radios have been shared equally among the
two provinces with 100 radios each.The donation came from Japan through
the Honorary Consul of Solomon Islands in Japan, Tsuguto Kitano.
(Media Network, Southgate)
**
ENFORCEMENT: CALIFORNIA HAM LICENSED REVOKED
The FCC has revoked the Amateur Radio Service license of Robert D.
Landis, N6FRV. This, after finding that he does not hold the requisite
requirements to be a Commission licensee based on his 1991 conviction
for child molestation.
According to an FCC release, Landis received the license for Amateur
Radio Station N6FRV on April 1, 1999, and it expired on November 1,
2006. The Commission's records do not reveal any violations by him of
the Communications Act of 1934. But on October 5, 2005, the
Enforcement Bureau received a complaint alleging that Landis had been
convicted of child molestation and was living in a mental hospital.
The FCC says that evidence before it shows that on October 28, 1991,
Landis was convicted in California State Superior Court for the County
of Riverside on two counts of committing a lewd act with a child under
the age of fourteen. The Court sentenced Landis to a term of eleven
years in state prison and fined him $10,000. After Mr. Landis served
his sentence, he was confined to a mental hospital pursuant to a civil
commitment.
On August 1, 2006, the Commission designated Landis Amateur Service
license for hearing. An Order to Show Cause was issued to Landis. It
specified that the hearing would be held to determine the effect of
Landis's felony convictions on his qualifications to be and to remain a
Commission licensee. The order also ordered Landis, to file a written
notice of appearance within 30 days of the orders August 31,
2006.release.
Landis did eventually file a reply. In it he said that he could not
appear due to his confinement and indicated that he would not hire an
attorney. So based on the evidence in the California state conviction,
the FCC has revoked Landis license to operate Amateur Radio Station
N6FRV.
The revocation order is effective the 40th day after the November 20th
release of this Order, unless Landis files a petition for
reconsideration or application for review within 30 days. If that
happens the effective date will be suspended, pending further Order of
the Commission. (FCC)
**
D-STAR NEWS: ANOTHER NEW MACHINE ON THE AIR DOWN-UNDER
While hams in the United States continue to argue over band planning
for D-Star repeaters, their counterparts around the globe are getting
new systems on the air almost daily. One hotbed of digital voice
activity is Australia where a new Melbourne D-Star repeater with the
call VK3RWN has taken to the airwaves on both 2 meters and 70
centimeters. Its sponsors say that there is more to come. We have
this report from the W-I-A News:
--
The new Melbourne D-Star repeater VK3RWN located at Olinda in the
Dandenong ranges was installed on Friday evening. VK3RWN is now
running in a testing and commissioning mode on 2 meters and 70 cm.
The system is running on temporary antennas so coverage may be reduced,
especially on 70cm. Antennas and coax for the 23 cm D-Star D & D-Star
vpice will be installed in the next few weeks at the same time the
2mtr and 70cm antennas upgraded.
Once the coax and antennas are installed we will begin testing 23cm D-
Star digital, however we are waiting on cavities for 23cm D-Star voice
so it may be a while before the 23 cm D-Star voice is operational.
The D-Star Gateway Server and network connection to the International
D-Star network have been installed but are yet to be activated for
testing and commissioning. You are welcome to use the repeater,
however keep in mind that the system will be unavailable for periods
of time while we work through the commissioning phase.
For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Robert Broomhead, VK3KRB, in
Australia.
--
With the addition of VK3RWN, Australia has assumed the point position
in making D-Star the mode of choice, down-under. (WIA)
**
D-STAR NEWS: ANOTHER NEW SYSTEM UP IN THE UK
And the United Kingdom is not a slouch in the D-Star arena. This with
word that the new GB7PI, D-Star repeater, located in North
Hertfordshire became operational on Monday, November 19th.
The system is a UHF machine. Its input is on 433.9125 MHz and
transmits out on 439.9125. Gavin Nesbitt M1BXF and Rob Compton M0ZPU
are the hams who spearheaded this latest UK D-Star installation.
(Southgate)
**
HAMVENTION 2008: AWARDS NOMINATING SEASON IS OPEN
It seems like only yesterday when we were at Hamvention 2007, but the
Dayton Amateur Radio Association is already accepting nominations for
its 2008 Radio Amateur of the Year, Special Achievement, and Technical
Excellence awards.
As we have said so many times in the past, these are the most sought
after awards in the hobby with many considering them as the Oscar, Emmy
and Tony awards of ham radio. The Amateur of the Year Award goes to an
individual who has made a long-term, outstanding commitment to the
advancement of Amateur Radio. The Technical Excellence Award is for the
person who has made an outstanding technical advancement in the field
of Amateur Radio. The Special Achievement Award honors someone who has
made an outstanding contribution to the advancement of Amateur Radio
That's usually someone who has spearheaded a significant project.
The Hamvention Awards Committee makes its decision on all awards based
in part upon the information it receives. It does not really care
about the number of nominations submitted for any given candidate. Far
more important is to provide documentation that informs the Awards
Committee of a candidate's accomplishments may include magazine
articles, newsletters, newspaper clippings, and even videos. These
materials become the property of Hamvention and will not be returned.
The deadline for nominations is Feb. 18, 2008. All amateur radio
operators are eligible. The winners will be recognized at the 2008
Hamvention which is next May 16th through the 18th.
Additional details on these awards and a nomination form are available
on the Dayton Hamvention Web site. That's in cyberspace at
www.hamvention.org. Nominations and documentation can also be sent by
regular mail to Dayton Hamvention Awards, PO Box 964, Dayton, OH 45401.
(Dayton Hamventionr)
**
RADIO CELEBRATIONS: SKYWARN RECOGNITION DAY - DEC 1
The ninth annual SKYWARN Recognition special event will take place
Saturday, December 1st. SKYWARN Recognition Day is the National
Weather Service's way of expressing its appreciation to Amateur Radio
operators for their commitment to help keep communities safe.
During the 24-hour special event, Amateur Radio operators, working
together with their local National Weather Service offices, will
activate Amateur Radio stations and work as a team to contact other
hams around the world. This celebration of a lifesaving partnership is
cosponsored by the National Weather Service and the American Radio
Relay League. (ARRL)
**
NAMES IN THE NEWS: RAC ELECTS NEW OFFICERS
Starting January 1st of 2008, David Goodwin, VO1AU/VE3AAQ will be
serving as President of Radio Amateurs of Canada. Also elected to
office are Guy Richard, VE2XTD/VE2QG as First Vice-President, Daniel
Lamoureux VE2KA to Vice-President for International Affairs, Rich
Ferch, VE3KI as Vice-President Regulatory Affairs, Norm Rashleigh,
VE3LC to Vice-President Industrial Liaison and Robert Cooke, VE3BDB as
Vice-President Field Services. Rounding out the officers is Linda
Friars, VE9GLF to the position of Corporate Secretary and Dave Parks,
VE3AV as Treasurer. The position of Vice-President Public Relations
still remains vacant. (RAC)
**
NAMES IN THE NEWS: VE3EJ NAMED RAC RADIO AMATEUR OF THE YEAR
The Radio Amateurs of Canada's Board of Directors has chosen John
Sluymer VE3EJ as the 2006 Radio Amateur of the Year. Sluymer, who
lives in Grassie Ontario, is Canada's best-known and most Accomplished
Amateur Radio sportsman. Over and above his regular globe-leading
scores in conventional contests, in July 2006, he and team-mate Jim
VE7ZO won the gold medal at the World Radiosport Team Championship in
Brazil. The two were competing against 50 other teams of Amateurs from
around the world. (RAC)
**
NAMES IN THE NEWS: DANE ERICKSEN, N6AJY - INJURED
Dane Ericksen, N6AJY, a senior staff engineer at Hammett and Edison
Consulting and very active in Society of Broadcast Engineers affairs,
was injured a few weeks ago. This, when his motorcycle fell on his leg
as he was departing the restaurant where the monthly SBE meeting was
being held.
According to information from Bill Ruck printed in the CGC
Communicator, Ericksen has already had three operations on his leg and
is expected to fully recover
Dane Ericksen started his professional career working at the FCC's San
Francisco office in 1970. After a 10 year career at the regulatory
agency he joined the staff at Hammett and Edison. He has also been a
recreational motorcyclist for many years. Get well wishes can go to
his callbook address. (K2ASP, CGC)
**
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY: NEW QUAD CODE PROCESSOR FROM AMD
Advanced Micro Devices has announced on that it is releasing the first
true quad-core chipset supporting scalable graphics. Code named Spider
the entire platform includes the AMD Phenom quad-core chip, the ATI
Radeon HD 3800 graphics processors with DirectX 10 support, AMD 7-
Series chipsets with Cross Fire X, and A-M-D Overdrive software.
According to an Advanced Micro Devices release, the new platform can
support three to four graphics processors. They say that this will
make it a true gaming supercomputer.
AMD also says that some configurations of the Spider platform will be
able to deliver an estimated two teraflops of processing power. A
teraflop is the equivlant of one trillion floating point operations per
second. (Business Devices On-Line)
**
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY: IMPROVE EQUIPMENT SHIPPING
Don Johnson, WD6FWE, has put together some valuable tips for packing
broadcast equipment that is being returned to a manufacturer for repair
that's applicable to ham gear as well. He says that there are simple
ways you can box your equipment so as to avoid in-transit damage. Its
on-line at
http://earthsignals.com/add_CGC/Letters/Bext_Shipping_Hints.htm (CGC)
**
RADIO IN SPACE: CHINAS KILLER SAT TEST COULD JEOPARDIZE OTHER ORBITAL
OBJECTS
A test by China of a satellite missile system has created a hazard in
space. Even for ham radio satellites. Fred Vobbe, W8HDU, reports:
--
Trash from China's recent satellite-killing missile test has spread
widely in space and is creating a debris cloud that could jeopardize
spy satellites, commercial imagery and even ham radio satellites in low
Earth orbits. This, according to U.S. officials who say that even the
manned International Space Station is vulnerable to being hit by some
of the thousands of pieces of trash created when China slammed a
ground-based medium-range ballistic missile into an aging Chinese
weather satellite about 537 miles above Earth on January 11th. Peter
Hays is a senior adviser to the Pentagon's National Security Space
Office. He says that the test created a lot of debris that definitely
raises the possibility that something is going to be hit. A 1967
global Outer Space Treaty does require notification of maneuvers in
space, and holds countries liable for their actions, which means
commercial operators could sue China for damages if their satellite was
damaged by debris.
--
So far, nothing involving ham radio has suffered any ill effects
because of the orbital debris created by thus test. (Space Daily)
**
WORLDBEAT - UK: RSGB HQ TO RELOCATE
After twenty five years at Potters Bar, England, the Radio Society of
Great Britain is moving its headquarters to Bedford. A report on the
RSGB website says: that a combination of modern I-T technology and
business practice, mean that its current location in Lambda House is no
longer cost effective to run as the society's headquarters. Also, due
to the age of the building it is proving increasingly costly to
maintain.
The move, which the Society hopes to complete by March 2008, will also
involve a relocation of its museum, ham shack and library. The
Society is in the process of purchasing a modern office building
located on the Priory Park, Business Park on the eastern side of the
city of Bedford. This will house the administration operation.
Discussions are also taking place with the Bletchley Park Trust
organization. The aim of these talks is to establish a heritage center
dedicated to Amateur Radio and the RSGB at Bletchley Park. It is
envisaged that the Bletchley Park site will be the center of the
Society's training activities and will also be the home of the RSGB HQ
station GB3RS which it is hoped will be on the air daily.
Bletchley Park is an estate located in the town of Bletchley, in
Buckinghamshire, England. It was the location of the United Kingdom's
main code breaking establishment that helped defeat the Nazi axis
during World War II,..
More about the proposed move is on line at the Radio Society of Great
Britain website. Its in cyberspace at www.rsgb.org (RSGB, Southgate)
**
WORLDBEAT - SOUTH AFRICA: INTO SPACE WITH AMATEUR RADIO WINNERS
ANNOUNCED
The South African Radio League had announced the winner and 5 runners
up in the 'Into Space with Amateur Radio' Essay Competition,
Katlego Zabala, a student at the Sekano-Ntoane Secondary School took
the top position. He will be presented with his laptop computer early
in December. .
The runners up incllude two brothers from the John Vorster Technology
High School. They are Jan Kampman, ZU6JLK, and Rieks Kampman, ZU6HK,
Sebastian Cooper from the George Campbell School of Technology and
Cameron Mckenzie who is a student at the Northwood Boys High School in
Durban are the other two male winners. The only female among the
runner-ups is Natalie Vermaak who is a student at the Newton Park
Technical High School in Port Elizabeth.
All five runners-up who will receive a 40 meter Direct Conversion
receiver kit. The prizes will be presented as soon as the kits are
available. All participants will receive a certificate, which will be
mailed during the first week in December. The six essays are available
on the web at the U-R-L in this weeks printed Newsline report.
The six essays are available on the web at
www.amateurradio.org.za/youth.htm (SARL)
**
WORLDBEAT - AUSTRALIA: ARABEC LANGUAGE DRM TEST
Australian AM radio network 2 M-E is testing Digital Radio Mondiale
transmissions in Sydney, New South Wales in the Arabic language.
Proponents say 2-M-E is the first commercial broadcaster in Australia
to use all-digital D-R-M radio technology. According to Radio World
on-line, although still in trial mode at the station, 2-M-E says it has
received word from regulators that, provided the trial proves
successful, the station could continue to broadcast using Digital Radio
Mondiale permanently. (RW)
**
DX
In D-X, K5KG and KK9K will be active as E51MMM and E51NNN,
respectively, from Rarotonga in the South Cook Islands group. This,
through December 1st. T hey plan to concentrate heavily on 160 and 80
meters. All QSL requests should go to K5KG at his callbook address.
DL7ZZ says that a team of German amateur radio operators is planning a
DXpedition to Nouakchott in Mauritania, between March 16th to the 30th.
They plan to have 3 stations on the air using vertical antennas on 80
and 40 meters and beams on 20 through 10. No callsign or QSL route has
yet been announced.
And 6 meter DX'ers listen up. NM7H is expected to be active from Qatar
as A7 stroke G0MKT util January 5th 2008. Activity will be primarily CW
with some PSK and some SSB on 40 through 10 meters. And heres the good
news for the 50 MHz set. He may even be on 6 meters if the band opens
up. QSL to NM7H, either direct or by the bureau.
(Above from various DX news sources)
**
THAT FINAL ITEM: EMERGING TECHNOLOGY: HANDELING THAT CELLPHONE
ITRRITANT
Are you are tired of rude movie goers who insist on using their
cellphones, pagers or maybe even F-R-S radios while you are trying to
watch the feature? If so, have we got a story for you. That's because
a major U-S theater chain has developed a way to let you quietly
express your outrage by tattling on them. Amateur Radio Newsline's Jim
Meachen, ZL2BHF, has the rest of the story:
--
According to Gadget News, the Regal Entertainment Group has been
testing a number of small hand-held devices called "Guest Response
Systems." Selected patrons can use them anonymously to page management
when there's a specific problem.
The Guest Response System units are wireless. They are described as
having four buttons marked "picture," "sound," "piracy" and "other
disturbance." Company spokesman Dick Westerling says they have already
been used to report audio or video problems or to tell on someone who
is illegally taping the movie. But says Westerling, most complaints
have to do with loud talking and cell phone use.
Westerling says the Guest Response System seems to be improving
"customer etiquette" in the 13 theaters where they've been since last
summer. Now, he says, the company is adding them in 101 more locations,
nationwide.
--
So the next time you go to see a movie, ask if they have one of the
tattle tale boxes. And if a cellphone or pager goes off that annoys
you just push the button and help will quickly be on its way. (Gadget
News)
**
NEWSCAST CLOSE
With thanks to Alan Labs, AMSAT, the ARRL, the CGC Communicator, CQ
Magazine, the FCC, the Ohio Penn DX Bulletin, Radio Netherlands, Rain,
the RSGB, the Southgate News and Australia's W-I-A News, that's all
from the Amateur Radio Newsline. Our e-mail address is
newsline at arnewsline.org. More information is available at Amateur
Radio Newsline'sT only official website located at www.arnewsline.org.
You can also write to us or support us at Amateur Radio Newsline, P.O.
Box 660937, Arcadia, California 91066.
Before we go, a word of congratulations to current ARRL Rocky Mountain
Division Vice Director Brian Mileshosky, N5ZGT, of Albuquerque, New
Mexico. This, on his election as that divisions next Director.
Brian, also serves on Amateur Radio Newsline's Young Ham of the Year
Judging Committee and was the awards 1997 recipient. With 1393 votes
he defeated Jeff Ryan, K0RM, of Westminster, Colorado to make Brian the
youngest person ever to be elected as an ARRL Director.
For now, with Bill Pasternak, WA6ITF, at the editors desk, I'm Jeff
Clark, N8TMW, saying 73 and we thank you for listening.
Amateur Radio Newsline is Copyright 2007. All rights reserved.
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