[CW] KFS transmissions
Richard Knoppow
1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com
Sun Jan 9 19:05:43 EST 2022
"Wireless Communication in the United States" Thorn L.
Mayes, has a good history of the early wireless companies. I got
this book on your recommendation so suppose you have it. He
traces the history of Dollaradio/Globe, Federal Telegraph, etc on
the west coast. Federal operated a point to point service between
L.A. and San Francisco both to feed their wireless stations and
to compete with W.U. They offered "Fifteen words for the price of
ten". The L.A. P-P station was KNR. This station ceased to exist
during WW-2 when Federal used Pacific Telephone to link its
stations. There is a complex relationship between Dollaradio,
Globe, Federal and MacKay. Heintz and Kaufman also was part of this.
At one time, pre ww-2, Globe operated a station in Los
Angeles under the call KSM, this call was resurrected recently
for the museum operation when KPH was not available. In the 1930s
there were three calls in L.A. KSE (RCA), KOK (MacKay), KSM
(Globe). KSE had a big flat-top antenna in Torrance. I drove by
it but never had the nerve to knock on the door. I remember there
was a horse gazing on the property.
A lot of the pre-ww-2 calls were discontinued during the war
or operated by the government and never came back. For instance,
the call mentioned earlier for Galveston WGV (MacKay). There are
a couple of calls on the RCA 1948 calendar that were off the air
when I listened in the 1960s, for instance WSV in Savanna Ga.
Also TRT had a station in Boston, WBF (Boston Fruit) which
evidently was not on the air after the war. Also, MacKay had a
station in Miami, WMR (Miami Radio? MacKay Radio?). Evidently,
the Miami stations moved or at least the locations in various
publications changed, one was in Hialeah, one at Lake Worth.
I suspect you are correct that the locations given in the
call books were for the 500Khz transmitters for direction finding
purposes. The stations I was able to hear were all HF. I did
listen to 500Khz locally, I had a simple regenerative receiver
which did fine on the locals and San Francisco.
I have to re-read Captain Howeth's book again. Its one of
the best sources of wireless history.
BTW, it is amazing to me that a business formed by so many
swindlers managed to be successful anyway.
Also, it might be of interest for those who want the history
to read up on John MacKay and the MacKay companies, who were
pioneers in undersea cable and wireless. MacKay formed Postal
Telegraph to feed his cable network. It was eventually sold to
Western Union and dissolved into the latter company. Postal was a
tiny company compared to W.U., I think their rates were
considerably lower.
BTW, I would love to find a Postal Telegraph clock some day.
Unlike Western Union clocks these were not automatic correcting
but plain old synchronous wall clocks. Evidently 20th Century -
Fox prop department had one which shows up constantly in their
1940 movies.
On 1/9/2022 2:23 PM, D.J.J. Ring, Jr. wrote:
> Yes, that's right, I just got out my Admiralty List of Radio
> Signals (ALRS) book and found the QTH for KFS - which is of
> course their transmitter location, 37°27'0"N 122°07'0"W and it's
> in Palo Alto, CA - about 20 miles east of the receive site on the
> coast at Half Moon Bay, CA.
>
> See some information below.
>
> The Internet Archive Wayback Machine link is given for the
> article and stale links have been changed to point to wayback
> archives of the original articles when needed.
>
> 73
> DR
>
> https://web.archive.org/web/20160316030259/http://wikimapia.org/18873/Fomer-Maritime-and-VOA-Station-KFS-KROJ
> <https://web.archive.org/web/20160316030259/http://wikimapia.org/18873/Fomer-Maritime-and-VOA-Station-KFS-KROJ>
> Former Maritime and VOA Station, KFS/KROJ (Palo Alto, California)
> USA / California / East Palo Alto / Palo Alto, California / East
> Bayshore Road, 2501
> radiocommunication
> Former Maritime and VOA Station, KFS/KROJ
>
> *History of KFS:*
>
> The KFS story begins with the Beach Station (Ocean Beach), which
> was put into operation in July 1910 by the Poulsen Wireless
> Telephone and Telegraph Company. The Beach Station was located
> just north of the San Francisco zoo at 48th Avenue and Noriega
> Street.
>
> The Dollar Steamship company formed DOLLARADIO in 1929 (in 1930
> becoming *Globe Wireless*) to handle their ship-to-shore
> communications. Dollar's first shore station was constructed at
> Mussel Rock about 15 miles south of San Francisco near the north
> end of of Pacifica. Eventually, Globe opened their facilities to
> the public and to communicate with ships of any line.
>
> The 200 acre Half Moon Bay facility on the coast near Lobitos
> Creek, *"LO"*, was constucted in 1932 by the Mackay Radio and
> Telegraph Co. as the receive site for maritime radio station KFS
> and point-to-point station KTK. (The transmit site for KFS and
> KTK, *"MX"*, was established in the Palo Alto bayland marsh.)
> Operations from Ocean Beach and Mussell Rock were all moved to
> the new facilities. The International Telephone and Telegraph
> Company (ITT) subsequently purchased the stations and operated
> them for many years. Eventually, in the early 1990s, ITT sold KFS
> (KTK had ceased operations) to a group of local investors. These
> investors also obtained, from the Tropical Radio and Telegraph
> company (TRT), station WNU near Slidell, Louisiana and, from the
> United States government, the former Voice of America sites near
> Dixon, California. This was the beginning of a modernized HF
> network, reusing the name *Globe Wireless*.
>
> The last commercial radiotelegraph transmission in North America
> was keyed from *LO* and transmitted from *MX* at 2359 UTC on July
> 12, 1999. The final words transmitted by KFS? /"What hath God
> wrought"/. By the turn of the century, the Half Moon Bay facility
> had become the central control, database server farm, and west
> coast receive site for the Globe Wireless HF data and email
> network providing *GlobeEmail* and *GlobeData* services to 40,000
> commercial shipping vessels from stations at 23 worldwide sites.
> When Inmarsat purchased Globe Wireless in December 2013, the HF
> portion of the operation was retained as Globe Wireless Radio
> Services.
>
>
> www.balearntofly.com/links/bay-area-history.html --
> <https://web.archive.org/web/20070326075412/https://www.balearntofly.com/links/bay-area-history.html>
> "Well, faithful readers, the landmarks are getting a little more
> obscure and harder to research, but that just makes them all the
> more interesting! This month I'm going to talk about the "antenna
> farm", which from the air looks like a bunch of toothpicks stuck
> in the middle of the marsh just southeast of the PAO 31 runway
> near Highway 101. From the ground (the facility is a very short
> walk from East Bayshore Rd) you realize just how many antennas
> there are and how tall they are.
>
> "On May 24, 1844, Samuel Morse, the inventor of the telegraph and
> the code bearing his name, sent the first message by telegraph.
> "What hath God wrought" (from Numbers 23:23) was sent along 35
> miles of steel wire from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore. Since
> then Morse Code has been used extensively for long distance
> communication - first by wire, and then by radio. Even when HF
> and VHF radios became ubiquitous in the early 1900s, Morse Code
> retained its usefulness. Because the Morse Code signal is so much
> simpler than voice or data, it can be sent using very little
> bandwidth (using a technique called Continuous Wave, or "CW") and
> can be heard even through severe atmospheric interference. It can
> also be heard much further than voice using the same amount of
> power. These advantages together made Morse Code the standard for
> ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication for nearly 100 years.
>
> "In 1910, the Federal Telegraph Company was formed in San
> Francisco to build a large radio station on the beach near what
> is now the southern end of the Golden Gate Bridge. That station,
> call sign KFS, initially consisted of a single spark wireless
> transmitter for communication in Morse Code, although additional
> transmitters were added rapidly. After the sinking of the Titanic
> in 1912, all ships were required to have Morse Code equipment on
> board and a radio operator on duty 24 hours a day. Thus started
> an 80-year long era of ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore
> communication. Federal Telegraph was one of many companies that
> provided commercial communication service, charging companies by
> the message.
>
> "KFS was taken over by the U.S. Navy during World War I to allow
> communication with U.S. battleships. The station was moved in
> 1921 to the marsh just east of Palo Alto (the current "antenna
> farm"), and the San Francisco station was closed in 1927. Around
> this time the station was also sold to Mackay Cable & Wireless.
> In July, 1943, a new 50KW transmitter was activated at KFS under
> the callsign KROJ and provided a relay service for the Voice of
> America. This service was terminated in 1945 at the end of World
> War II.
>
> "The exact corporate history of the site after WWII is impossible
> to ascertain (at least by me), but during the next 30 years it
> was owned by ITT World Communications (which eventually called
> the site Palo Alto Radio) and then KFS World Communications. The
> site still contains an old, unused mailbox with the ITT name on
> it at the front gate.
>
> "For the engineers among us, the antennas include twelve
> full-wave dipoles, two inverted cones, and a loaded vertical.
> Seventeen transmitters were in use for CW. KFS built a separate
> receive site six miles south of Half Moon Bay. If you've ever
> been doing emergency landing practice in those fields south along
> the coast from HAF, and noticed a whole bunch of tall antennas
> near your favorite field, they are the KFS receive antennas. The
> receive antennas include three log-periodic dipole arrays,
> several wire V-beams, and several rhombics.
>
> "ITT had transferred much of the Palo Alto site to the city in
> 1977 and held an easement for their continued operation. In
> January 1994, Palo Alto bought the easement from KFS for
> $370,000, thus securing one of the last remaining large pieces of
> the baylands not under the city's control. There are currently no
> plans to renovate or demolish the site, although in 1994 there
> were some rumors about turning the large radio building into a
> youth hostel. Obviously this hasn't happened yet.
>
> "In 1995, the U.S. Coast Guard officially stopped listening for
> Morse Code distress calls. KFS sold the Half Moon Bay facility to
> Globe Wireless, a company specializing in maritime communications
> (including email and telefax) using satellite and HF
> communications. With the newly available communications
> technology, they decommissioned all Morse Code transmissions. The
> last commercial radiotelegraph transmission in North America was
> made from the Palo Alto site at 2359 UTC on July 12, 1999. The
> final words transmitted by KFS? "What hath God wrought"."
>
>
> www.rwonline.com/pages/s.0106/t.2243.html
> <https://web.archive.org/web/20080821135037/www.rwonline.com/pages/s.0106/t.2243.html>
> -- Article about KFS during its VOA days.
> www.voanews.com/english/portal.cfm
> <http://www.voanews.com/english/portal.cfm>Wikipedia article:
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America
> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America>
> Nearby cities:
> Coordinates: 37°26'41"N 122°6'45"W
>
> On Sun, Jan 9, 2022 at 4:35 PM Richard Knoppow
> <1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com>> wrote:
>
> KFS is usually listed as being in Palo Alto. I remember
> seeing
> a complex of antennas there when i worked for -hp- but am not
> sure if it was KFS.
> I think Muscle Rock was KTK, a station originally belonging
> to the Robert Dollar Co and then Globe Wireless. KTK merged with
> KFS/ITT sometime in the 1960s.
> Its also possible that ITT had something at Dixon Ca. This
> was a location with stations belonging to the USN, AT&T,
> Voice of
> America, and others.
> KFS shows up in early call books as belonging to Federal
> Telegraph.
>
> On 1/9/2022 1:44 AM, D.J.J. Ring, Jr. wrote:
> > The ITU List of Coast Stations and the Admiralty List of
> Radio
> > Stations (ALRS) both required the coast stations to be
> listed by
> > their transmitter locations because if a ship ever used radio
> > direction finding on them there would be major problems.
> Thus
> > Ocean Gate Radio, NJ for WOO while the receiver site was in
> > Manehawkin, NJ. Bolinas RCA Radio KPH while their receiver
> site
> > was Inverness, KFS - I forget what their transmitter
> location was
> > but their receive location was Half Moon Bay, CA.
> >
> > Tuckerton, NJ radio, WSC became West Creek, NJ radio when the
> > transmitter was located at the receive site in West Creek on
> > Murphy Drive: https://goo.gl/maps/ZBSWoxt9HBmHbhMo9
> <https://goo.gl/maps/ZBSWoxt9HBmHbhMo9>
> > <https://goo.gl/maps/ZBSWoxt9HBmHbhMo9
> <https://goo.gl/maps/ZBSWoxt9HBmHbhMo9>> There's a radio
> station
> > there still but not a CW station!
> >
> > 73
> > DR
> >
> > On Sun, Jan 9, 2022 at 1:52 AM Richard Knoppow
> > <1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com>
> <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com
> <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com>>> wrote:
> >
> > I suspect this is the station. Algoa is near
> Galveston.
> > Sometimes the call books don't give exact locations
> plus coastal
> > stations usually had more than one site, one for
> transmitting
> > and
> > one for receiving and sometimes separate locations for
> HF and
> > MF.
> > I heard it on HF, could be heard pretty much 24 hours
> a day, it
> > was very strong and steady. I don't remember which
> band I mostly
> > heard it on.
> > I know I will never be as good as the good
> commercial or
> > coast guard operators but its a goal to pursue.
> >
> > On 1/8/2022 6:51 PM, Walter - K5EST wrote:
> > > Never saw the ITT station in Galveston, but I did
> get to
> > see the
> > > station at ITT McKay, Algoa, TX (south of Houston
> on Hwy
> > 6). I
> > > was fresh out of the Brown Water Navy on the rivers of
> > Vietnam,
> > > APL 55/YRBM 18 was home water base.
> > >
> > > David, is sure correct, Joe - N0MU is a first class CW
> > operator.
> > > Only wish I could be that good :-)
> > >
> > > 73,
> > >
> > > Walter Dufrain - K5EST - QRPcw
> > > https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est>
> > <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est>> <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est>
> > <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est>>>
> > >
> > >
> > > On Sat, Jan 8, 2022, 19:47 Richard Knoppow
> > > <1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com
> <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com>
> <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com>>
> > <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com
> <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com>
> > <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com
> <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com>>>> wrote:
> > >
> > > KLC probably. KLC always came booming in
> to Los
> > Angeles,
> > > much
> > > stronger than the RCA station at Port Arthur
> WPA. The old
> > > records show that prior to WW-2 MacKay (ITT) had
> > another call,
> > > WGV in Galveston. I don't know the story behind
> this
> > other than
> > > coast stations were taken over by the government
> > during the war
> > > and some of the old calls were discontinued later.
> > Possible
> > > David
> > > Ring knows.
> > > If you got to visit the station I envy you.
> > >
> > > On 1/8/2022 5:36 PM, Walter - K5EST wrote:
> > > > I miss the CW ship/shore stations. Knew
> several ITT CW
> > > operators
> > > > when I lived at Galveston, TX.
> > > >
> > > > Once had the opportunity to be the logger
> for N0MU at
> > > field day
> > > > in Missouri. Eight hours at the FD circuit was
> > nothing but
> > > pure
> > > > pleasure.
> > > >
> > > > https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU>
> > <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU>> <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU>
> > <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU>>>
> > > <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU>
> > <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU>> <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU>
> > <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/N0MU>>>>
> > > >
> > > > 73,
> > > > Walter Dufrain - K5EST - QRPcw
> > > > https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est>
> > <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est>>
> > > <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est>
> > <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est>>>
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est>
> > <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est>>
> > > <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est>
> > <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est
> <https://www.qrz.com/db/k5est>>>>
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > On Sat, Jan 8, 2022, 16:08 Darrel Emerson
> > > <demerson2718 at gmail.com
> <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com>
> > <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com
> <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com>>
> > <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com
> <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com>
> <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com>>>
> > > > <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com
> <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com>
> > <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com
> <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com>>
> > > <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com
> <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com>
> > <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com
> <mailto:demerson2718 at gmail.com>>>>> wrote:
> > > >
> > > > KFS -B is booming into Tucson, AZ this
> > afternoon, on
> > > 12695.5
> > > > kHz. About
> > > > S9+30 dB all the time. Inviting replies
> on HF
> > ch 3,
> > > which I
> > > > think would
> > > > be 12552.0 kHz. Sadly, no replies to
> KFS so far.
> > > >
> > > > Cheers,
> > > > Darrel, aa7fv.
> > > >
> > >
> >
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> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>>>
> > > > <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>
> > <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>>
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> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>
> > <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>>>>
> > > >
> > > > =30=
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> >
> ______________________________________________________________
> > > > CW mailing list
> > > > Home:
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> <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw>
> > <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw
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> <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm>
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> <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm>
> > <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm>>>
> > > > Post: mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net>
> > <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net>> <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net
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> > <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net>>>
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> > <mailto:cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net
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> > <mailto:cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net>>>
> > > > Subscribe send email to
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> <mailto:cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net>
> > <mailto:cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net>>
> > > <mailto:cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net>
> > <mailto:cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net>>>
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> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>>
> > > <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>
> > <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>>>
> > > >
> > > > =30=
> > >
> > > --
> > > Richard Knoppow
> > > 1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com
> <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com>
> <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com>>
> > <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com
> <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com>
> <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com
> <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com>>>
> > > WB6KBL
> > >
> >
> ______________________________________________________________
> > > CW mailing list
> > > Home:
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> <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw>
> > <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw
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> > > <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw
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> > <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw>>>
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> <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm>
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> > > <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm>
> > <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm>>>
> > > Post: mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net>
> > <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net>> <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net
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> > <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net>>>
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> > <http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/
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> > > <http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/
> <http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/>
> > <http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/
> <http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/>>>
> > > Unsubcribe send email to
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> <mailto:cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net>
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> > <mailto:cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net>>>
> > > Subscribe send email to
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> > <mailto:cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net>>>
> > > Support this email list:
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> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>>
> > > <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>
> > <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>>>
> > >
> > > =30=
> > >
> > >
> > >
> ______________________________________________________________
> > > CW mailing list
> > > Home: http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw>
> > <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw>>
> > > Help: http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm>
> > <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm>>
> > > Post: mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net> <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net>>
> > > CW List ARCHIVES:
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> <http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/>
> > <http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/
> <http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/>>
> > > Unsubcribe send email to
> > > cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net>
> > <mailto:cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net>>
> > > Subscribe send email to
> cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net>
> > <mailto:cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net>>
> > > Support this email list:
> http://www.qsl.net/donate.html <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>
> > <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>>
> > >
> > > =30=
> >
> > --
> > Richard Knoppow
> > 1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com>
> <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com>>
> > WB6KBL
> >
> ______________________________________________________________
> > CW mailing list
> > Home: http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw>
> > <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw>>
> > Help: http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm>
> > <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm>>
> > Post: mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net
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> <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net>>
> > CW List ARCHIVES: http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/
> <http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/>
> > <http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/
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> > Unsubcribe send email to
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> > <mailto:cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net
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> > Subscribe send email to cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net
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> > Support this email list:
> http://www.qsl.net/donate.html <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>
> > <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>>
> >
> > =30=
> >
> >
> > ______________________________________________________________
> > CW mailing list
> > Home: http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw>
> > Help: http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm>
> > Post: mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net>
> > CW List ARCHIVES: http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/
> <http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/>
> > Unsubcribe send email to
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> <mailto:cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net>
> > Subscribe send email to cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net
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> > Support this email list: http://www.qsl.net/donate.html
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>
> >
> > =30=
>
> --
> Richard Knoppow
> 1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com <mailto:1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com>
> WB6KBL
> ______________________________________________________________
> CW mailing list
> Home: http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw>
> Help: http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm
> <http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm>
> Post: mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net <mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net>
> CW List ARCHIVES: http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/
> <http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/>
> Unsubcribe send email to
> cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net
> <mailto:cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net>
> Subscribe send email to cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net
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> Support this email list: http://www.qsl.net/donate.html
> <http://www.qsl.net/donate.html>
>
> =30=
>
>
> ______________________________________________________________
> CW mailing list
> Home: http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/cw
> Help: http://mailman.qth.net/mmfaq.htm
> Post: mailto:CW at mailman.qth.net
> CW List ARCHIVES: http://mailman.qth.net/pipermail/cw/
> Unsubcribe send email to
> cw-unsubscribe at mailman.qth.net
> Subscribe send email to cw-subscribe at mailman.qth.net
> Support this email list: http://www.qsl.net/donate.html
>
> =30=
--
Richard Knoppow
1oldlens1 at ix.netcom.com
WB6KBL
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