[600MRG] TM1LY and TM100LY Lafayette Stations on the Air.

[D.J.J. Ring, Jr.]

https://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/2013/07/croix-dhins-12-leon-delagrange-and.html
and
https://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/2013/07/croix-dhins-22-lafayette-super-high.html

[image: Invisible Bordeaux] <https://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/>

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Croix d’Hins (1/2): Léon Delagrange and a short chapter in the history of
aviation
Par Tim Saturday, July 13, 2013
<https://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/2013/07/croix-dhins-12-leon-delagrange-and.html>
 0 commentaires
<https://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/2013/07/croix-dhins-12-leon-delagrange-and.html#comment-form>
<https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4_ENJi_dwh8/UdxO-HAiblI/AAAAAAAADRo/bwjnX25ipaw/s1600/088-CroixdHins1.JPG>
*The quiet village of Croix d’Hins, a district of Marcheprime that lies
mid-way between Bordeaux and Arcachon, is a succession of residential
streets broken up solely by the occasional small industrial plant. This
image is far-removed from its status as one of the birthplaces of aviation
(and later large-scale radio transmission
<http://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.fr/2013/07/croix-dhins-22-lafayette-super-high.html>).
For the full story, let’s travel back in time to 1903!*

For it was around this time that the flat expanses of land in Croix d’Hins
were deemed to be an ideal setting for an airfield by the pioneering pilots
and aircraft builders Louis Blériot
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot> and Gabriel Voisin
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Voisin>. Space was cleared on a
stretch alongside the railway line and these early aviators found
themselves with 7,400 acres (3,000 hectares) to play with, making Croix
d’Hins one of the biggest airfields in the world at the time! Blériot made
good use of the installations, trialling a number of his creations there.

<https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-t6pBsOCoQJI/UdxO_Rk94sI/AAAAAAAADR8/ybLNVauSgCg/s1600/088-CroixdHins5a.jpg>
The so-called Blériot hangar at Croix d'Hins. Source: press photo archived
by Bibliothèque nationale de France
<http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6912816c>.
A grand ceremony was scheduled to officially inaugurate the long-since
operational airfield on December 1st 1909 but was cancelled due to poor
weather conditions. Then, just five weeks later, the Croix d’Hins venture
was to come to an abrupt end along with that of the renowned aviator (and
sculptor!) Léon Delagrange
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Delagrange>.

<https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jqx_nvdLkrk/UdxQBatoInI/AAAAAAAADSM/fqlPekw1aS4/s1600/088-CroixdHins6.jpg>
Léon Delagrange, source: aviatechno.net
<http://aviatechno.net/brevets/images_brevets.php?image=2>
Delagrange was born in Orléans in 1872 and was the third person in France
to be allocated a pilot’s licence (the first two were Blériot and the
American Glenn Curtiss <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Curtiss>). Born
to a wealthy family, Delagrange studied in Paris and soon earned plaudits
for his sculptures. As an artist he became a respected member of society in
the French capital and developed a passion for aviation, even conceiving
his own aircraft designs.

His first aircraft, a Voisin 1907 biplane
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voisin_1907_biplane>, was manufactured by
Gabriel Voisin and his brother Charles (who together traded as Voisin Frères
<http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voisin_Fr%C3%A8res>) and Delagrange made
rapid headway as a pilot. He went on to make 260 flights, travelling 1,300
kilometres and setting six world records (in the categories of speed,
distance and duration). In Turin in July 1908, Delagrange was accompanied
on board his plane by his partner Thérèse Peltier
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Peltier>, believed by many
to have been the first ever woman passenger on an aircraft (although it is
also thought rival flying ace Henri Farman may have achieved this earlier
still with one Miss Van Pottelsberghe). Delagrange was evangelical about
what aviation could achieve, declaring “I believe that the aeroplane is
destined to become the bicycle of the airs in tomorrow’s world”. (“*L'aéroplane
est destiné, selon moi, à devenir la bicyclette volante de la future
atmosphère.*”)

And so it was that Delagrange was in Croix d’Hins on January 4th 1910 for
what should have been a routine flight display on a Blériot XI aircraft
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot_XI>, the type used by Louis
Blériot the previous year to make the first flight across the English
Channel. The plane, which had previously been equipped with an
18-horsepower Anzani engine, was this time powered by a mighty
40-horsepower Gnome engine. In all likelihood this mismatch overstressed
the airframe. Delagrange took off in strong winds and quickly lost control
of his aircraft, the wings of which suddenly broke up. The aircraft and the
37-year-old pilot plummeted to the ground.

<https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QLxmpYp-yIc/UdxPAHARf4I/AAAAAAAADSE/9xx8tDoKFMA/s1600/088-CroixdHins4.jpg>
The fatal flight as featured on old postcards retrieved from various
sources (Wikipedia <http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcheprime>,
janinetissot.fdaf.org
<http://janinetissot.fdaf.org/jt_delagrange.htm?bcsi-ac-e7ec86c04da68444=20B9B7CB00000503Z2BnRm8nnTYKEkWmBBxigjdzqX7PAwAAAwUAALPTPAAIBwAAXwEAACUrBwA>
, passion-33.fr <http://www.passion-33.fr/page163.html>).
The airfield was never to recover from this highly-publicised setback. A
competing airfield took shape in the Beaudésert district of Mérignac,
within much easier reach of Bordeaux. Beau-Désert then welcomed a massive
week-long air show in September 1910, cementing its rapidly-acquired status
as the premier aviation hub in the region. The story of how Beaudésert
evolved to become today’s Bordeaux-Mérignac airport will be told soon on
the blog!

Back in Croix d’Hins, a single aviation meeting was held in 1910 and in
1914 it was chosen as one of the stop-overs on the first Monaco Airplane
Rally. But its chapter in the history of aviation proved to be painfully
short and in 1920 the airfield was closed for good. It made way for the
huge pylons and buildings of the Lafayette radio transmission station
which, as you may have guessed, is the subject of the next Invisible
Bordeaux article
<http://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.fr/2013/07/croix-dhins-22-lafayette-super-high.html>
.

As for the airfield itself, today the only acknowledgement of its past
existence is a column erected during centenary commemorations held on
January 10th 2010
<http://ducoteduteich2.wordpress.com/2010/01/10/%C2%AB-le-centenaire-de-l%E2%80%99aviation-1910-2010-%C2%BB-et-lhommage-a-leon-delagrange/>,
and positioned near to the spot where Delagrange fell to his death.

<https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TNlnXA6exD0/UdxO_A9bzsI/AAAAAAAADR4/ipFunRYC_ag/s1600/088-CroixdHins2.jpg>

Other than that permanent memorial, it now takes a lot of imagination to
picture the plains of Croix d’Hins forming the backdrop to those
magnificent aviation pioneers and their flying machines!

<https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OrKROpWByfA/UdxO9nDutAI/AAAAAAAADRk/VM6aXyHMBPY/s1600/088-CroixdHins3.jpg>
<https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OrKROpWByfA/UdxO9nDutAI/AAAAAAAADRk/VM6aXyHMBPY/s1600/088-CroixdHins3.jpg>
The site of the airfield today, including an area where an ArcelorMittal
plant can be seen.

   - *Find it: Delagrange memorial
   <https://maps.google.fr/maps/ms?msid=210373862037781084851.0004b3333ef977deb2fc8&msa=0&ie=UTF8&ll=44.709872,-0.810285&spn=0.008555,0.021136&t=h&z=16&vpsrc=6&iwloc=0004e119b96e5ae2ebe3f>,
site
   of former airfield
   <https://maps.google.fr/maps/ms?msid=210373862037781084851.0004b3333ef977deb2fc8&msa=0&ie=UTF8&ll=44.711488,-0.809233&spn=0.008555,0.021136&t=h&z=16&vpsrc=6&iwloc=0004e119c47f56d99a3cb>,
   Croix d'Hins (Marcheprime).*



[image: Invisible Bordeaux]
<https://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/>

Documenting lesser-known sights, stories and landmarks in and around
Bordeaux, France.

   - HOME <https://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/>
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   <http://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/p/essential-bordeaux.html>
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Croix d’Hins (2/2): the Lafayette super high-power radio station
2nd part
<https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5r1XDCvdl_M/UeQLmHraNTI/AAAAAAAADT4/yuYeRerPvt0/s1600/lafayette3.jpg>
*As reported in the previous Invisible Bordeaux item
<http://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.fr/2013/07/croix-dhins-12-leon-delagrange-and.html>,
in the early years of the 20th century, the small community of Croix d’Hins
became synonymous with its airfield. But as the airfield faded into
obscurity, Croix d’Hins provided the setting for the construction of the
world’s most powerful radio transmitter station.*

The eight-pylon station, which covered an area of 400 metres by 1,200
metres (the equivalent of 96 football pitches!), was a by-product of the
First World War. During the conflict, ocean-bed telephone cables were
severed and alternative means of long-range communication had to be
explored. At the time, radiotelegraphy (or TSF in French, *télégraphie sans
fil*) was developing rapidly and when the US joined Allied operations in
1917, they needed a reliable and permanent communications channel between
Europe and the States.

General Pershing <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Pershing>, head of
the American Expeditionary Forces, thus requested the construction of a
radiotelegraphy station and Croix d’Hins emerged as the preferred site.
Assets included its location some distance from the frontlines, its
proximity to the port of Bordeaux despite being outside urban areas, easy
access to the railway network and, more generally, its optimal position
near to the Atlantic coast, ideal for transatlantic messaging.

Work began in March 1918 on building the transmitter and antennae,
technical units, a water tower, a refectory, lodgings and even a school. To
facilitate the task, a railway siding departed from the main line and led
up to the main building. No less than 750 US Marines were drafted to the
site to install equipment and erect the pylons, each of which was 250
metres high <http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?buildingID=63230> (making
them the second-tallest self-supporting structures in France after the
Eiffel Tower). They had been manufactured by the Pitt-Des Moines
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh-Des_Moines_Steel_Co.> steel
company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

<https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Jv1eXYT1KWE/UeK9HlmZUVI/AAAAAAAADTQ/avZx0Y7Ku-I/s1600/089-CroixdHins3.jpg>
The main building flanked by six pylons, suggesting the photo was taken
around 1918-1919. The map features on the information panel on site; the
six smaller rectangular buildings to the bottom left can still be seen, as
we shall find out further down the page. Top picture source: Wikipedia
<http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89metteur_de_Lafayette>.
When War ended in November 1918, only six of the eight pylons had been
erected. Discussions took place between French and US representatives and
it was agreed that the station should be completed. This was achieved in
the following months and after some preliminary trials the first message
was transmitted on August 21st 1920[*], with the official inauguration
taking place on December 16th of that year. As a symbol of Franco-American
friendship, the station was named Lafayette, in reference to the French
general
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette> who
had been instrumental in the American Revolutionary War.

<https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vI8Rm9UCS4Q/UeK9IlZItxI/AAAAAAAADTY/J-x2eBMHr3U/s1600/089-CroixdHins5.jpg>
The grand opening in December 1920, an inside view of a transmitter, and
the antennae linking up with the main building. Sources: Raconte-moi la
radio <http://dspt.perso.sfr.fr/lafayette.htm> and Wikipedia
<http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89metteur_de_Lafayette>.

Radio enthusiasts will find all the complex technical information they need
about the station by skim-reading the articles which are available here
<http://dspt.perso.sfr.fr/lafayette.htm> and here
<http://f5nsl33.free.fr/ly/lytxt0a.html>. Suffice to say it was one
powerful beast, generating magnetic fields that were so strong that
visitors’ watches would rarely come out unscathed!

In the mid-1920s, the station, which now housed additional transmitters to
ensure connections with Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Portugal, became
known as Bordeaux-Lafayette-PTT (national postal, telegraphy and telephony
service) and began to branch out into civilian operations. Around 1926, the
station began broadcasting a daily digest of news and music, from studios
in the Hôtel des Postes (a former Invisible Bordeaux subject
<http://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.fr/2013/02/introducing-former-hotel-des-postes-and.html>)
in central Bordeaux – which was linked up with Croix d’Hins as well as
having its own transmitter. Listeners were now tuning into “Radio
Bordeaux-Lafayette”, one of four such stations authorised to broadcast in
the Aquitaine region (the others being Radio Agen, Radio Sud-Ouest and
Radio Mont-de-Marsan).

Of particular historical note is what happened on June 17th 1940: Radio
Bordeaux-Lafayette broadcast a message delivered from its studio by Marshal
Pétain, who had been appointed Premier of France in Bordeaux, as the
Cabinet resolved to make peace with Germany. He called on his countrymen to
surrender, telling them that “it is with a heavy heart that I tell you we
must halt the combat” (“*C'est le coeur serré que je vous dis qu'il faut
cesser le combat*”). The very next day, General Charles de Gaulle responded
to his superior from London by giving a famous radio address, broadcast by
the BBC, exhorting the French people to resist Nazi Germany. This has
become widely known as “*l’appel du 18 juin*
<http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel_du_18_juin>”.

Meanwhile, the Croix d’Hins station was taken over by German forces, who
regarded the facility and its long-wave transmission capabilities as an
ideal means of communicating with its submarine crews. The station
continued to operate until 1944, when it was largely destroyed by the
Germans upon the arrival of the Allied forces in France. One final
surviving pylon was demolished on November 21st 1953.

<https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9oFV1lFiiRY/UeK9HDrl2uI/AAAAAAAADTI/AAGh8NiH_xQ/s1600/089-CroixdHins1.jpg>
Pylon-shaped information panel near the entrance to what is now a
horse-riding club and stables.
So what can be seen today? Very little! Part of the site is now a
horse-riding club and stables, the *Haras de Croix d'Hins*
<http://www.harasdecroixdhins.com/>. Some of the original buildings are
therefore now occupied by… horses! Behind the riding club, what used to be
the refectory and workshops can still be seen. The former now appears to be
a private home while the latter lie in ruins.

<https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_hWm8MnhPjQ/UeK9JKvt7OI/AAAAAAAADTg/FC45KTIX_so/s1600/089-CroixdHins6.jpg>

Down a lane, a concrete sentry box is a clear remnant of the station’s
World War 2 legacy.

<https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PpgZQtiIZ3g/UeK9HFCbmMI/AAAAAAAADTM/LQU6CuhzkDg/s1600/089-CroixdHins4.JPG>

Finally, in amongst the trees and undergrowth are the occasional curio
which may or may not be connected with the station, such as the section of
concrete pipe seen here:

<https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3rV0Ymr7y3k/Ueb3JETjGpI/AAAAAAAADUE/C-OQ503rR54/s1600/089-CroixdHins2a.jpg>

Elsewhere in the area, two pylon bases (such as the one pictured below) can
still be found, as tracked down by the authors of this radiofil.com article
<http://www.radiofil.com/magazine/downloads/38_station_bordeaux_lafayette_part1_fr.pdf>
.

<https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_nCCYXRcmzs/Ueb3dmZDfBI/AAAAAAAADUM/tx92V3mNVPI/s1600/089-CroixdHins2b.jpg>

Just like for the airfield, it is difficult to imagine this landscape
forming the backdrop to such a grand structure, the story of which has been
forgotten by most people who are not wartime or radio history enthusiasts.
The municipality is catching up though: in February 2011 an antenna-shaped
information panel and memorial to the radio station was installed outside
the gates of the horse-riding club, serving as a permanent reminder of how
much the view has changed!

   - *Find it: Rue de la Station, Croix d'Hins (Marcheprime)
   <https://maps.google.fr/maps/ms?msid=210373862037781084851.0004b3333ef977deb2fc8&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=h&vpsrc=6&ll=44.710146,-0.809662&spn=0.008555,0.021136&z=16&iwloc=0004e19264b08bed2d585>.*
   - *Much of the above is culled from the definitive French-language
   description of the station available on Raconte-moi la radio,
   here: http://dspt.perso.sfr.fr/lafayette.htm
   <http://dspt.perso.sfr.fr/lafayette.htm>*
   - *This Radiofil magazine item is also complete and, as mentioned above,
   the authors managed to track down a couple of pylon
   bases: www.radiofil.com/station_bordeaux_lafayette.pdf
   <http://www.radiofil.com/magazine/downloads/38_station_bordeaux_lafayette_part1_fr.pdf>*
   - *A US take on the venture can be viewed
   here: http://f5nsl33.free.fr/ly/lytxt0a.html
   <http://f5nsl33.free.fr/ly/lytxt0a.html> *

*[*] The text of the maiden message was as follows:*




*To the Secretary of the American Navy,Washington, D. C.I desire that the
first message sent after the official inauguration of the Lafayette Radio
Station be a cordial greeting to the Republic of the United States of
America. In the name of the French Government I send many thanks to the
American Navy for the great part which it played in the construction of the
most powerful radio station in the world. This collaboration maintained
during the period of peace strengthens still further the unalterable
friendship born of common struggles and victories.*
*DESCHAMPS,*
*Asst. Secretary of Posts and Telegraphs.*



About author: Tim
<https://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/2013/07/croix-dhins-22-lafayette-super-high.html#>

Englishman Tim Pike is often to be spotted on a yellow bicycle struggling
with a camera in and around Bordeaux.
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3 comments:

   1.
   Rhodesia <https://www.blogger.com/profile/00159888599601532530>20 July
   2013 at 14:33
   <https://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/2013/07/croix-dhins-22-lafayette-super-high.html?showComment=1374323607763#c154024951544660363>

   Interesting post, how things have changed since the first radio! Have a
   good weekend, Diane
   Reply
   Replies
      1.
      Tim <https://www.blogger.com/profile/14391698533722905666>20 July
      2013 at 17:47
      <https://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/2013/07/croix-dhins-22-lafayette-super-high.html?showComment=1374335260165#c3357990258890257078>

      You too Diane, trust you're enjoying the sunshine. Yes, the Croix
      d'Hins skyline looks very different to how it did 90 years ago!
      2.
   aheiden <http://aheiden.net/Elmer_Peterson_WWI_photos/>3 October 2015 at
   20:22
   <https://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/2013/07/croix-dhins-22-lafayette-super-high.html?showComment=1443896564715#c5411678489398935407>

   Here are some photos taken by my grandfather during the construction:
   http://aheiden.net/Elmer_Peterson_WWI_photos/
   Reply

<https://www.blogger.com/comment-iframe.g?blogID=4990702592078012308&postID=7985117976028021869&blogspotRpcToken=7754992>

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